Explantion
of Terms
This section explains the
special terms used in the data sheets, gives the sources of specific items, and includes
other information that will be useful to the reader in interpreting the data. The
paragraphs below are keyed to the relevant portions by the subheading and number used in
the data sheets.
The expression "Not pertinent" means that the data item either
has no real meaning (such as the flash point of a nonflammable chemical) or is not
required for assessing a hazardous situation. The expression "Currently not
available" means that the information sought was not found in the general or
specialized data sources listed in Section 10 of this manual. In a few cases where
important data were not available, values were estimated by usually reliable procedures;
all such values are labeled "(est.)". If more accurate values for
those items are found, they will be included in later revisions.
The name used for each of the chemicals included in the CHRIS manuals is
either (1) that specified in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 151 or (2) a
common name for those chemicals not now regulated by Sub chapters O and D but known to be
hazardous during shipment. The data sheets are arranged in alphabetic order by chemical
name, not by the 3-letter code.
The 3-letter code is designed to facilitate correct identification of
chemicals in oral or written communication. The code should be used only in addition
to the compound name; it should not be used alone. For transmitting the code, use the
phonetic alphabet given in the "International Code of Signals."
1. Response To Discharge
In every case of a discharge or leak, it is obvious that an effort should be made to
reduce, stop, or contain the flow of material at its source if this can be done safely.
The purpose of the terms used in this section is to describe in a general way the
cautionary and corrective responses that are described in greater detail in the Response
Methods Handbook.
- "Issue warning" is used when the chemical is a poison, has a high
flammability, is a water contaminant, is an air contaminant (so as to be
hazardous to life), is an oxidizing material, or is corrosive.
- "Restrict access" is used only for those chemicals that are unusually
and immediately hazardous to personnel unless they are protected properly by respirators,
protective clothing, etc.
- "Evacuate area" is used primarily for unusually poisonous chemicals or
those that ignite easily.
- "Mechanical containment" is used for water-insoluble chemicals that
float and do not evaporate readily.
- "Should be removed" is used for chemicals that cannot be allowed to
disperse because of their harmful effect on humans or on the ecological system in general.
The term is not used unless there is a reasonable chance of preventing dispersal, after a
discharge or leak, by chemical and physical treatment.
- "Chemical and physical treatment" is recommended for chemicals that can
be removed by skimming, pumping, dredging, burning, neutralization, absorption,
coagulation, or precipitation. The corrective response may also include the use of
dispersing agents, sinking agents, and biological treatment.
- "Disperse and flush" is used for chemicals that can be made
non-hazardous to humans by simple dilution with water. In a few cases the response is
indicated even when the compound reacts with water because, when proper care is taken,
dilution is still the most effective way of removing the primary hazard.
2. Chemical Designations
2.1 Coast Guard Compatibility Classification - An entry is made when the
chemical has been assigned to one of the 43 cargo groups listed in Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 46, Part 150, "Compatibility of Cargoes." Appropriate parts
of these regulations are included in this manual. Chemicals included in the regulation
were assigned to a group by the Cargo and Hazardous Materials Standards Division, Coast
Guard Headquarters. If the chemical is not a liquid carried in bulk in ships' tanks, this
data item is "Not listed."
2.2 Chemical Formula - This has been limited to a commonly used one-line
formula. In the case of some organic compounds it has not been possible to represent
chemical structure within such a limitation.
2.3 IMO/United Nations Numerical Designation - The designation is that of the
"International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" published by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), London, 1977.
2.4 Department of Transportation Identification Number - This is an
identification number assigned by the Department of Transportation to aid in categorizing
hazards and recommended responses. The ID's can be located in the Hazardous Materials
Table, part 172.101 of 49 CFR.
2.5 Chemical Abstracts Services Registry Number - The unique identification
number assigned each compound registered with the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is
listed to aid in quick identification of the compound.
2.6 NAERG Guide Number – The number of the guide in the North American
Emergency Response Guidebook listing specific emergency response actions for a particular
CHRIS chemical. The 1996 edition of the guidebook was used in the preparation of this
edition of the CHRIS manual.
2.7 Standard Industrial Trade Classification – The five digit code
identifying the chemical’s commodity category per revision 3 of the subject
classification. These codes are compatible with the International Harmonized System codes
used in foreign trade.
3. Health Hazards
3.1 Personal Protective Equipment - The items listed are those recommended by
(a) manufacturers, either in technical bulletins or in Material Safety Data Sheets, (b)
the Chemical Manufacturers Association, or (c) the National Safety Council, for use by
personnel while responding to fire or accidental discharge of the chemical. They are
intended to protect the lungs, eyes, and skin. Safety showers and eyewash fountains are
considered to be important protective equipment for the handling of almost all chemicals;
they are not usually listed.
3.2 Symptoms Following Exposure - These are brief descriptions of the effects
observed in humans when the vapor (gas) is inhaled, when the liquid or solid is ingested
(swallowed), and when the liquid or solid comes in contact with the eyes or skin.
3.3 Treatment for Exposure - "First-aid" procedures are recommended.
They deal with exposure to the vapor (gas), liquid, or solid and include inhalation,
ingestion (swallowing) and contact with eyes or skin. The instruction "Do NOT induce
vomiting" is given if an unusual hazard is associated with the chemical being sucked
into the lungs (aspiration) while the patient is vomiting. "Seek medical
attention" or "Call a doctor" is recommended in those cases where only
competent medical personnel can treat the injury properly. In all cases of human exposure,
seek medical assistance as soon as possible.
3.4 Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average -The Threshold Limit
Value Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is usually expressed in units of parts per million
(ppm) - i.e., the parts of vapor (gas) per million parts of contaminated air by volume at
25oC (77oF) and one atmosphere pressure. For a chemical that forms a
fine mist or dust, the concentration is given in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
The TLV is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be breathed for
five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most people without adverse
effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit
Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by ACGIH"). As some people become ill
after exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV, this value cannot be used to define
exactly what is a "safe" or "dangerous" concentration.
No entry appears when the chemical is a mixture; it is possible to calculate the TLV
for a mixture only when the TLV for each component of the mixture is known and the
composition of the mixture by weight is also known.
3.5 Threshold Limit Value - Short-Term Exposure Limits - The parts of vapor (gas
per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25oC (77oF) and
one atmosphere pressure is given. The limits are given in milligrams per cubic meter for
chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are the maximum permissible
average exposures for the time periods specified.
3.6 Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling Value – The parts of vapor (gas
per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25oC (77oF) and
one atmosphere pressure is given. The limits are given in milligrams per cubic meter for
chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are for a concentration that
is not to be exceeded at any time.
3.7 Toxicity by Ingestion - The Grade and corresponding LD50 value
are those defined by the National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Hazardous Materials,
"Evaluation of the Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of Industrial Chemicals, A
Tentative Guide," Washington, D.C., 1972. Data were also collected from other sources
and converted to the appropriate Grade before entry in this manual. The term LD50
signifies that about 50% of the animals given the specified dose by mouth will die. Thus,
for a Grade 4 chemical (below 50 mg/kg) the toxic dose for 50% of animals weighing 70 kg
(150 lb) is 70 X 50 = 3500 mg = 3.5 g, or less than 1 teaspoonful; it might be as little
as a few drops. For a Grade 1 chemical (5 to 15g/k g), the LD50 would be
between a pint and a quart for a 150-lb man. All LD50 values have been obtained
using small laboratory animals such as rodents, cats, and dogs. The substantial risks
taken in using these values for estimating human toxicity are the same as those taken when
new drugs are administered to humans for the first time.
3.8 Toxicity by Inhalation – Similar to the Toxicity by Ingestion entry,
except that the route of exposure is inhalation instead of ingestion. Units and definition
of units are the same.
3.9 Chronic Toxicity - Where there is evidence that the chemical can cause
cancer, mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, or a delayed injury to vital organs such
as the liver or kidney, a qualitative description of the effect is given.
3.10 Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics - The most appropriate of five
statements listed below is given. Source: National Academy of Sciences, Committee on
Hazardous Materials, "Evaluation of the Hazard of Bulk Water Transportation of
Industrial Chemicals, A Tentative Guide," Washington, D.C., 1972.)
(1) Vapors are nonirritating to eyes and throat.
(2) Vapors cause a slight smarting of the eyes or respiratory system if present in high
concentrations. The effect is temporary.
(3) Vapors cause moderate irritation such that personnel will find high concentrations
unpleasant. The effect is temporary.
(4) Vapors are moderately irritating such that personnel will not usually tolerate
moderate or high concentrations.
(5) Vapors cause severe irritation of eyes and throat and can cause eye and lung
injury. They cannot be tolerated even at low concentrations.
3.11 Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics - The most appropriate of the
following five statements is given (same source as 5.8 above):
(1) No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin.
(2) Minimum hazard. If spilled on clothing and allowed to remain, may cause smarting
and reddening of skin.
(3) Causes smarting of the skin and first-degree burns on short exposure; may cause
second-degree burns on long exposure.
(4) Fairly severe skin irritant. May cause pain and second-degree burns after a few
minutes' contact.
(5) Severe skin irritant. Causes second- and third-degree burns on short contact and is
very injurious to the eyes.
3.12 Odor Threshold - This is the lowest concentration in air that most humans
can detect by smell. The value cannot be relied on to prevent over-exposure, because human
sensitivity to odors varies over wide limits, some chemicals cannot be smelled at toxic
concentrations, odors can be masked by other odors, and some compounds rapidly deaden the
sense of smell.
3.13 IDLH Value - The Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Value - This
concentration represents a maximum level from which one could escape within 30 minutes
without any escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects. The
concentrations are reported in either parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic
meter (mg/m3).
3.14 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit – Time Weighted Average – Similar
to the definition of the TLV-TWA above, except that this limit has been promulgated by the
Occupational Safety and Health Agency.
3.15 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit – Short Term Exposure Limit –
Similar to the definition of the TVL-STEL above, except that this limit has been
promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Agency.
3.16 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit – Ceiling – Similar to the
definition of the TVL-Ceiling above, except that this limit has been promulgated by the
Occupational Safety and Health Agency.
3.17 EPA AEGL – Acute Exposure Guideline information from the Environmental
Protection Agency for the specific compound listed in the manual.
4. Fire Hazards
4.1 Flash Point - This is defined as the lowest temperature at which vapors
above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame.
Depending on the test method used, the values given are either Tag closed cup (C.C.) (ASTM
D56) or Cleveland open cup (O.C.) (ASTM D93). The values, along with those in 6.2 and 6.7
below, give an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. In general, the
open cup value is about 10o to 15oF higher than the closed cup
value.
4.2 Flammable Limits in Air - The percent concentration in air (by volume) is
given for the lower (LFL) and upper (UFL) limit. The values, along with those in 6.1 and
6.7, give an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. The limits are
sometimes referred to as "lower explosive limit" (LEL) and "upper explosive
limit" (UEL).
4.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents - The agents are listed in decreasing order of
importance. The general capabilities of all agents are described in section 6, "Fire
Protection Handbook," 18th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass.,
1997.
4.4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to be Used - The agents listed must not be
used because they react with the chemical and create an additional hazard. In some cases
they are listed because they are ineffective in putting out the fire.
4.5 Special Hazards of Combustion Products - Some chemicals decompose or burn to
give off toxic and irritating gases. Such gases may also be given off by chemicals that
vaporize in the heat of a fire without either decomposing or burning. If no entry appears,
the combustion products are thought to be similar to those formed by the burning of oil,
gasoline, or alcohol; they include carbon monoxide (poisonous), carbon dioxide, and water
vapor. The specific combustion products are usually not well known over the wide variety
of conditions existing in fires; some may be hazardous.
4.6 Behavior in Fire - Any characteristic behavior that might increase
significantly the hazard involved in a fire is described. The formation of dense smoke or
flammable vapor clouds, and the possibility of polymerization and explosions is stated.
Unusual difficulty in extinguishing the fire is also noted.
4.7 Ignition Temperature - This is the minimum temperature at which the material
will ignite without a spark or flame being present. Along with the values in 6.1 and 6.2
above, it gives an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. It is
sometimes called the "autoignition temperature." The method of measurement is
given in ASTM D-2155.
4.8 Electrical Hazard - The ease with which the chemical is ignited by
electrical equipment is indicated by the Group and Class assignment made in the National
Fire Protection Association, "Hazardous Chemicals Data," Boston, Mass., 1994 and
in "Classification of Gases, Liquids, and Volatile Solids Relative to Explosion-Proof
Electrical Equipment," National Academy of Sciences, 1982. This information is
available for relatively few chemicals, so an absence of data does not necessarily mean
that the substance is not hazardous in the presence of electrical equipment.
4.9 Burning Rate - The value is the rate (in millimeters per minute) at which
the depth of a pool of liquid decreases as the liquid burns. Details of measurement are
given by D.S. Burgess, A. Strasser, and J. Grumer, "Diffusive Burning of Liquid Fuels
in Open Trays," Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, 3, 177 (1961).
4.10 Adiabatic Flame Temperature - The value is the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit of the flame when the material is burned under adiabatic conditions.
4.11 Stoichiometric Air to Fuel Ratio - The value is the ratio of air to the
compound in question required for stoichiometric combustion. Since it is a ratio, the
value is dimensionless.
4.12 Flame Temperature - The value is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit of
the flame produced by burning the compound under stoichiometric conditions without any
rate controls.
4.13 Molar Ratio (Reactant to Product) – The number of moles of products
formed, assuming complete combustion of a single mole of the chemical reactant. These
ratios were calculated assuming there was sufficient oxygen available and that combustion
did, in fact, go to completion.
4.14 Minimum Oxygen Concentration for Combustion (MOCC) – Information from
NFPA-69 regarding the minimum percentage of oxygen required to support combustion of the
subject compound. The results are reported for oxygen diluted with nitrogen (N2)
and/or carbon dioxide (CO2).
5. Chemical Reactivity
5.1 Reactivity with Water - The term "No reaction" means that no
hazard results when the chemical reacts or mixes with water. Where a hazard does result,
it is described.
5.2 Reactivity with Common Materials - This is limited to hazardous reactions
with fuels and with common materials of construction such as metal, wood, plastics,
cement, and glass. The nature of the hazard, such as severe corrosion or formation of a
flammable gas, is described.
5.3 Stability During Transport - The term "Stable" means that the
chemical will not decompose in a hazardous manner under the conditions of temperature,
pressure, and mechanical shock that are normally encountered during shipment; the term
does not apply to fire situations. Where there is a possibility of hazardous
decomposition, an indication of the conditions and the nature of the hazard is given.
5.4 Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics - In all cases involving
accidental discharge, dilution with water may be followed by use of the agent specified,
particularly if the material cannot be flushed away; the agent specified need not
necessarily be used.
5.5 Polymerization - A few chemicals can undergo rapid polymerization to form
sticky, resinous materials, with the liberation of much heat. The containers may explode.
For these chemicals the conditions under which the reaction can occur are given. See
Section 12.16 for quantitative data.
5.6 Inhibitor of Polymerization - The chemical names and concentrations of
inhibitors added by the manufacturer to prevent polymerization are given.
6. Water Pollution
6.1 Aquatic Toxicity - The form of data presentation used by the Environmental
Protection Agency's "Oil and Hazardous Material-Technical Assistance Data System
(OHM-TADS)" is used here. Reading from left to right and separated by slashes (/) are
the following data:
- Concentration in parts per million by weight (or milligrams per liter) at which the
chemical was tested;
- Time of exposure in hours;
- Name of the aquatic species studied;
- Effect observed; LC50 means that approximately 50% of the fish will die under
the conditions of concentrations and time given. TLm (Median Tolerance Limit)
means that approximately 50% of the fish will show abnormal behavior (including death)
under the conditions of concentrations and time given; the term EC50 (Effective
Concentration50) is used sometimes instead of TLm;
- The kind of water used in the test (fresh or salt)
Some chemicals have been tested with many species of fish. Where the data were
available, the data sheet cites one illustrative test in fresh water and one in salt
water.
6.2 Waterfowl Toxicity - Very little information is available. In a few cases
there is entered the LD50 value, which indicates the dose (in milligrams per
kilogram of body weight) that is lethal to about half the waterfowl tested.
6.3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) - Also called "biochemical oxygen
demand," this is a standard way of describing how much oxygen dissolved in water is
consumed by biological oxidation of the chemical during the stated period of time. The
unit lb/lb indicates the pounds of oxygen consumed by each pound of chemical during the
time stated. When given in percent, the values indicate the pounds of oxygen consumed by
each 100 pounds of chemical during the time stated. If the percentage is followed by
"(theor.)", it indicates the pounds of oxygen theoretically required to
completely oxidize 100 pounds of the chemical.
6.4 Food Chain Concentration Potential - If the chemical is consumed by fish,
marine plants, waterfowl, etc., that are in turn eaten by other species, the substance may
accumulate and ultimately be consumed by humans. Where this occurs, an indication of the
potential hazard and its significance is given.
6.5 GESAMP Hazard Profile – A composite list of hazard profiles evaluated
by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection
(GESAMP). A summary of the legends used in the profile follows.
| Bioaccumulation
and Tainting |
+
|
Bioaccumulated to
significant extent and known to produce a hazard to aquatic life or human health. |
Z
|
Bioaccumulated with
attendant risk to aquatic organisms or human health, however, with short retention of the
order of one week or less. |
T
|
Liable to produce
tainting of seafood. |
O
|
No evidence to
support one of the above ratings (+, Z, T) |
| Damage to Living
Resources |
96 hr LC50 |
| 5 |
Extremely toxic |
less than 0.01 mg/l |
| 4 |
Highly toxic |
less than 1 mg/l |
| 3 |
Moderately toxic |
1-10 mg/l |
| 2 |
Slightly toxic |
10-100 mg/l |
| 1 |
Practically nontoxic |
100-1000 mg/l |
| 0 |
Non-hazardous |
greater than 1000 mg/l |
| D |
Substance likely to blanket the
sea-bed |
|
| BOD |
Substance with oxygen demand |
|
| Hazard to Human
Health by Oral Intake |
LD50 |
| 4 |
Highly hazardous |
less than 5 mg/kg |
| 3 |
Moderately hazardous |
5-50 mg/kg |
| 2 |
Slightly hazardous |
50-500 mg/kg |
| 1 |
Practically non-hazardous |
500-5000 mg/kg |
| 0 |
Non-hazardous |
greater than 5000 mg/kg |
| Hazard to Human
Health by Skin and Eye Contact or Inhalation |
| II |
Hazardous (severe
irritation, strong sensitizer, lung injury, percutaneous toxicity, carcinogenic, or other
specific long-term adverse health effect. |
| I |
Slightly hazardous
(mild irritation, weak sensitizer) |
| 0 |
Non-hazardous
(non-irritant, not a sensitizer) |
| Reduction of
Amenities |
| XXX |
Highly objectionable
because of persistency, smell or poisonous or irritant characteristics; as a result
contaminated beaches liable to be closed; also used when there is clear evidence that the
substance is a human carcinogen or that the substance has the potential to produce other
serious specific long-term adverse health effects in humans. |
| XX |
Moderately
objectionable because of the above characteristics, but short-term effects leading only to
temporary interference with use of beaches; also used when there is credible scientific
evidence that the substance is an animal carcinogen but where there is no clear evidence
to indicate that the material has caused cancer in humans, or when there is evidence from
laboratory studies that the substance could have the potential to produce other serious
specific long-term adverse health effects. |
| X |
Slightly
objectionable, non-interference with use of beaches. |
| 0 |
No problem. |
Ratings in brackets, ( ), indicate insufficient data available to the GESAMP experts on
specific substances, hence extrapolation was required.
N – Not applicable (e.g. if gases)
— Indicates data were not available to the GESAMP Working Group.
7. Shipping Information
7.1 Grades or Purity - The grades USP (United States Pharmacopoeia) and CP
(chemically pure) are quite pure. Where "Technical" or "Commercial"
grades are given, the percent by weight of the pure chemical present is usually indicated.
In a few cases the identity of the major impurities is given. If the properties of the
less pure grades differ significantly from those of the pure substance, the differences in
properties are described in general terms.
7.2 Storage Temperature - The range of temperatures at which the chemical is
normally shipped in bulk by water transport is given. "Ambient" means the
temperature of the surroundings.
7.3 Inert Atmosphere - The terms used are "inerted,"
"padded," "ventilated (forced)," "ventilated (natural)," and
"no requirement." They are given when found in the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 46, beginning in Part 151.05.
7.4 Venting - The terms used are "open," "pressure-vacuum,"
and "safety relief" (same source as 9.3 above).
7.5 IMO Pollution Category – pollution classification applied to this
compound by the International Maritime Organization.
7.6 Ship Type – The data entry refers to construction and containment
requirements for ships being used to transport the chemical in question. The information
is taken from the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 154.
7.7 Barge Hull Type – The data entry refers to structural requirements for
barge hulls being used to transport the chemical in question. The information is taken
from the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, part 151.
8. Hazard
Classifications
8.1 49 CFR Category - This is the hazard category specified in the Hazardous
Materials Table, Part 172.101, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The October 1,
1996 edition was used to prepare this version of the CHRIS.
8.2 49 CFR Class – The hazard class as specified in the Hazardous Materials
Table, Title 49, Part 172.101 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The October 1, 1996
edition was used to prepare this version of the CHRIS.
8.3 49 CFR Package Group – The packaging group assigned to this chemical in
the Hazardous Materials Table, Title 49, Part 172.101 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
The October 1, 1996 edition was used to prepare this version of the CHRIS. Note that the
packaging group is often dependent upon toxicity or flash point of the chemical. In those
cases the reported packaging group is based upon the data value reported in CHRIS for that
specific compound. The packaging group could be different if the purity of the material
varies from that reported in CHRIS.
8.4 Marine Pollutant – This is a "Yes" or "No" entry,
depending upon whether the chemical is listed in "List of Marine Pollutants",
Appendix B to Part 172.101, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
8.5 NFPA Hazard Classifications - The indicated ratings are given in "Fire
Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials," 7th ed., National Fire Protection
Association, Boston, Mass., 1978. The classifications are defined in Table 1 below. The
symbol used in conjunction with these ratings is illustrated in Section 4.2.
8.6 EPA Reportable Quantity – The minimum quantity, in pounds, that must be
reported to EPA in the event of a spill. This value is taken from "A List of
Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities", Appendix A to Part 172.101, Title 49
of the Code of Federal Regulations.
8.7 EPA Pollution Category – An alphabetic descriptor identifying the
potential pollution impact of the chemical. This descriptor is based upon the reportable
quantity from category 8.6 above.
8.8 RCRA Waste Number – The 4 character identification number assigned to
this chemical, if it is a waste, under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act. This
waste number was reported if the chemical is specifically listed.
8.9 EPA FWPCA List – A "Yes" or "No" entry depending
upon whether the chemical is listed in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
TABLE 1
EXPLANATION OF NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS
Health Hazard (blue)
|
Definition |
4 |
Materials which on very short exposure could
cause death or major residual injury even though prompt medical treatment were given |
3 |
Materials which on short exposure could cause
serious temporary or residual injury even though prompt medical treatment were given. |
| 2 |
Materials which on intense or continued
exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt
medical treatment is given. |
| 1 |
Materials which on exposure would cause
irritation but only minor residual injury even if no treatment is given. |
| 0 |
Materials which on exposure under fire
conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. |
| Flammability (red) |
|
| 4 |
Materials which will rapidly or completely
vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature, or which are readily
dispersed in air and which will burn readily. |
| 3 |
Liquids and solids that can be ignited under
almost all ambient temperature conditions |
| 2 |
Materials that must be moderately heated or
exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. |
| 1 |
Materials that must be preheated before
ignition can occur. |
| 0 |
Materials that will not burn. |
| Reactivity (yellow) |
|
| 4 |
Materials which in themselves are readily
capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at normal temperatures and
pressures. |
| 3 |
Materials which in themselves are capable of
detonation or explosive reaction but require a strong initiating source or which must be
heated under confinement before initiation or which react explosively with water. |
| 2 |
Materials which in themselves are normally
unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not detonate. Also materials
which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with
water. |
| 1 |
Materials which in themselves are normally
stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures or which may
react with water with some release of energy but not violently. |
| 0 |
Materials which in themselves are normally
stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water. |
| Other (white) |
|
| W |
Materials which react so violently with water
that a possible hazard results when they come in contact with water, as in a fire
situation. Similar to Reactivity Classification 2. |
| Oxy |
Oxidizing material; any solid or liquid that
readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to oxidize
combustible materials. |
9. Physical And Chemical Properties
9.1 Physical State at 15oC and 1 atm - The statement indicates
whether the chemical is a solid, liquid, or gas after it has reached equilibrium with its
surroundings at "ordinary" conditions of temperature and pressure.
9.2 Molecular Weight - The value given is the weight of a molecule of the
chemical relative to a value of 12 for one atom of carbon.
The molecular weight is useful in converting from molecular units to weight units and
in calculating the pressure, volume and temperature relationships for gaseous materials.
The ratio of the densities of any two gases is approximately equal to the ratio of their
molecular weights (see 9.10).
The molecular weights of mixtures can be calculated if both the identity and quantity
of each component of the mixture are known. Because the composition of mixtures described
in this manual is not known exactly, or because it varies from one shipment to another, no
molecular weights are given for such mixtures.
9.3 Boiling Point at 1 atm - The value is the temperature of a liquid when its
vapor pressure is 1 atm. For example, when water is heated to 100oC (212oF)
its vapor pressure rises to 1 atm and the liquid boils.
The boiling point at 1 atm indicates whether a liquid will boil and become a gas at any
particular temperature and sea-level atmospheric pressure.
9.4 Freezing Point - The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid
changes to a solid. For example, liquid water changes to solid ice at 0oC (32oF).
Some liquids solidify very slowly even when cooled below their freezing point. When
liquids are not pure (for example, salt water) their freezing points are lowered slightly.
9.5 Critical Temperature - The maximum temperature at which a liquid can exist,
no matter what the pressure on it, is called the critical temperature. For example, the
critical temperature of water is 372oC (705oF). The value can be
used to estimate many properties whose values are not immediately available.
9.6 Critical Pressure - The vapor pressure of a chemical at the critical
temperature (see 9.5) is called the critical pressure. For example, the critical pressure
of water is 218 atm. Values are given in pounds per square inch absolute, atmospheres, and
meganewtons per square meter. The value can be used for estimating many property values
that are not immediately available.
9.7 Specific Gravity - The specific gravity of a chemical is the ratio of the
weight of the solid or liquid to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4oC
(or at some other specified temperature).
If the specific gravity is less than 1.0 (or less than 1.03 in seawater) the chemical
will float; if higher, it will sink. Where the change in the value with temperature is
important, more data are found in 9.20.
9.8 Liquid Surface Tension - This property is a measure of the tensile force at
the surface of a liquid that tends to shape liquid fragments into spherical drops. Values
are expressed in dynes per centimeter and newtons per meter. Liquids with high surface
tensions show less tendency to spread. Water has a surface tension of about 73 dynes/cm;
seawater has a slightly higher value.
9.9 Liquid-Water Interfacial Tension - The value is a measure of the tensile
forces existing at the interface between a liquid and water. Approximately, it is the
difference between the individual surface tension of the liquid and that of water. Low
values of the interfacial tension indicate that the chemical spreads readily on a water
surface. The units are the same as in 9.8.
9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity - The value is the ratio of the weight of
vapor to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same conditions of temperature
and pressure. Buoyant vapors have a vapor specific gravity less than one. The value may be
approximated by the ratio M/29, where M is the molecular weight of the chemical (see 9.2).
In some cases the vapor may be at a temperature different from that of the surrounding
air. For example, the vapor from a container of boiling methane at -172oF sinks
in warm air, even though the vapor specific gravity of methane at 60oF is about
0.6.
For the effect of temperature on vapor density, see 9.26.
9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas) - This property is the ratio of the
specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) to the specific heat at constant volume
(Cv); its value is always greater than one. In most cases it was calculated by
use of the expression:
Cp / Cv = Cp / (Cp - R)
where R is the Universal Gas Constant.
The ratio varies slightly with temperature; the value given is at 20oC (68oF).
The ratio is often of value in estimating temperature changes when gases are compressed or
expanded. Higher values of the ratio lead to larger temperature changes for a given
pressure change.
9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization - The value is the heat that must be added to
the specified weight of a liquid before it can change to vapor (gas). It varies with
temperature; the value given is that at the boiling point at 1 atm (see 9.3). The units
used are Btu per pound, calories per gram, and joules per kilogram.
No value is given for chemicals with very high boiling points at 1 atm, because such
substances are considered essentially nonvolatile.
9.13 Heat of Combustion - The value is the amount of heat liberated when the
specified weight is burned in oxygen at 25oC. The products of combustion,
including water, are assumed to remain as gases; the value given is usually referred to as
the "lower heat value." The negative sign before the value indicates that heat
is given off when the chemical burns. Units are the same as in 9.12.
9.14 Heat of Decomposition - The value is the amount of heat liberated when the
specified weight decomposes to more stable substances. The value is given for very few
chemicals, because most are stable and do not decompose under the conditions of
temperature and pressure encountered during shipment. The negative sign before the value
simply indicates that heat is given off during the decomposition. The value does not
include heat given off when the chemical burns. Units are the same as in 9.12.
9.15 Heat of Solution - The value represents the heat liberated when the
specified weight of chemical is dissolved in a relatively large amount of water at 25oC
("infinite dilution"). A negative sign before the value indicates that heat is
given off, causing a rise in temperature. (A few chemicals absorb heat when they dissolve,
causing the temperature to fall.) Units are the same as in 9.12.
In those few cases where the chemical reacts with water and the reaction products
dissolve, the heat given off during the reaction is included in the heat of solution.
9.16 Heat of Polymerization - The value is the heat liberated when the specified
weight of the compound (usually called the monomer) polymerizes to form the polymer. In
some cases the heat liberated is so great that the temperature rises significantly, and
the material may burst its container or catch fire. The negative sign before the value
indicates that heat is given off during the polymerization reaction. Units are the same as
in 9.12.
9.17 Heat of Fusion - The value is the number of Btu needed to change one pound
of solid to liquid with no change in temperature.
9.18 Limiting Value - A chemical specific concentration in water in mole
fraction units below which the contribution to the evolution of toxic or flammable vapor
at the water surface can be assumed to be negligible.
9.19 Reid Vapor Pressure - The value is the equilibrium pressure exerted by
vapor over the liquid at 100oF., expressed as pounds per square inch absolute,
as defined in 46 CFR 30.10-59.
Items 9.20 through 12.27 consist of tables. The temperature is given in one column
followed by the appropriate data value in the next column.
9.20 Saturated Liquid Density - The value is the weight (in pounds) of one cubic
foot of liquid that is in equilibrium with its vapor. Liquid densities decrease slightly
with an increase in temperature; where literature data or reliable estimation methods were
applicable, a table shows this effect.
9.21 Liquid Heat Capacity - The value is the heat (in Btu) required to raise the
temperature of one pound of the liquid one degree Fahrenheit at constant pressure. For
example, it requires almost 1 Btu to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water from 68oF
to 69oF. The value is useful in calculating the increase in temperature of a
liquid when it is heated, as in a fire. The value increases slightly with an increase in
temperature; the table shows this effect.
9.22 Liquid Thermal Conductivity - The value is a measure of the ability of a
liquid to conduct heat. It represents the number of Btu per hour that pass through an area
of liquid one square foot in cross-section when the temperature gradient is 1oF
per inch of depth. Higher values indicate that the liquid conducts heat more readily.
Liquid thermal conductivities decrease slightly with an increase in temperature. Where
applicable, the table shows this effect.
A basic law of heat conduction states that the energy flow per unit area per unit time
is proportional to the gradient in temperature. The constant of proportionality is the
liquid thermal conductivity.
9.23 Liquid Viscosity - The value (in centipoise) is a measure of the ability of
a liquid to flow through a pipe or hole; higher values indicate that the liquid flows less
readily under a fixed pressure head. For example, heavy oils have higher viscosities
(i.e., are more viscous) than gasoline.
Liquid viscosities decrease rapidly with an increase in temperature. In some cases a
table is given to show the effect. In other cases only a single data point was found in
the literature.
A basic law of fluid mechanics states that, for most fluids, the force per unit area
needed to shear a fluid is proportional to the velocity gradient. The constant of
proportionality is the viscosity.
9.24 Solubility in Water - The value represents the pounds of a chemical that
will dissolve in 100 pounds of pure water. Solubility usually increases when the
temperature increases; where the change has been measured, a table is given to show the
effect. The following terms are used when numerical data are either unavailable or not
applicable:
The term "Miscible" means that the chemical mixes with water in all
proportions. The term "Reacts" means that the substance reacts chemically with
water; thus, its solubility has no real meaning. "Insoluble" usually means that
very little of the chemical dissolves in 100 pounds of water. (Weak solutions of
"Insoluble" materials may still be hazardous to humans, fish, and waterfowl,
however.)
9.25 Saturated Vapor Pressure - The value is the pressure (in pounds per square
inch absolute) of the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid form at the specified
temperature. Vapor pressure values can be used to estimate the relative volatility of
chemicals at a given temperature, and to calculate the pressure over a liquid that is
shipped in a closed container.
The vapor pressure increases as temperature increases; a table is given to show this
effect. Note that the vapor pressure scale is logarithmic.
9.26 Saturated Vapor Density - The value is the weight (in pounds) of one cubic
foot of vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid form.
If it is assumed that the vapor behaves as an ideal gas, the relation pM/RT holds,
where p is the vapor pressure, M is the molecular weight, R is the gas constant, and T is
the temperature (in absolute units).
Since the vapor pressure varies with temperature (see 9.25), the saturated vapor
density also varies with temperature, as shown on the table.
9.27 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity - The value is the number of Btu needed to raise
the temperature of one pound of gas by 1o Fahrenheit. The property can be used
only when the pressure of the gas is less than about 10 atm. The ideal gas heat capacity
is not a function of pressure (below about 10 atm), but it does increase with temperature,
and a table is given to show the effect.
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