| Selected Properties of Fresh Water, Sea Water,
Ice and Air
The following properties are useful for
engineering calculations described in the Hazard Assessment Handbook. The values for fresh
water are those recorded for pure water. The values for the water of lakes and streams
differ somewhat from those of pure water, but since no "standard" fresh water
has ever been defined, the values for pure water must be used.
A "standard" sea water has been defined as one containing 35 grams of salts
per kilogram of solution. The values for the water of tidal estuaries differ somewhat from
those of "standard" sea water because the water has a salinity somewhere between
those of fresh and sea waters.
The value for the density of air was derived from the ideal gas law; the air is assumed
to be dry and at 1 atmosphere pressure.
6.1 Freezing Point
| Fresh Water |
0oC |
32oF |
| Sea Water |
-1.91oC |
28.6oF |
6.2 Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice
79.6 cal/g = 143.3 Btu/lb
6.3 Density (See Table 6.1)
6.4 Viscosity (See Table 6.1)
6.5 Heat Capacity (See Table 6.1)
6.6 Thermal Conductivity (See Table 6.1)
6.7 Vapor Pressure (See Table 6.1)
DENSITY OF FRESH WATER |
DENSITY OF SEA WATER |
DENSITY OF ICE |
DENSITY OF DRY AIR (1 atm.) |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds
per cubic foot |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds
percubic foot |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds
per cubic foot |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds
per cubic foot |
32 |
62.410 |
30 |
64.250 |
-50 |
57.670 |
-10 |
0.088 |
40 |
62.418 |
40 |
64.200 |
-40 |
57.625 |
0 |
0.086 |
50 |
62.401 |
50 |
64.170 |
-30 |
57.600 |
10 |
0.085 |
60 |
62.358 |
60 |
64.100 |
-20 |
57.582 |
20 |
0.083 |
70 |
62.293 |
70 |
64.020 |
-10 |
57.541 |
30 |
0.081 |
80 |
62.208 |
80 |
63.950 |
0 |
57.105 |
40 |
0.079 |
90 |
62.105 |
90 |
63.800 |
10 |
57.490 |
50 |
0.078 |
100 |
61.986 |
100 |
63.700 |
20 |
57.455 |
60 |
0.076 |
110 |
61.852 |
|
|
30 |
57.410 |
70 |
0.075 |
120 |
61.704 |
|
|
|
|
80 |
0.074 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
0.072 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
0.071 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
110 |
0.070 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
120 |
0.068 |
VISCOSITY OF FRESH WATER |
VISCOSITY OF SEA WATER
|
HEAT CAPACITY OF FRESH WATER |
HEAT CAPACITY OF SEA WATER |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Centipoise |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Centipoise |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British
thermal unit per pound-F |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British
thermal unit per pound-F |
32 |
1.770 |
30 |
1.880 |
32 |
1.007 |
30 |
0.936 |
40 |
1.540 |
40 |
1.610 |
40 |
1.004 |
40 |
0.935 |
50 |
1.304 |
50 |
1.400 |
50 |
1.001 |
50 |
0.934 |
60 |
1.122 |
60 |
1.210 |
60 |
1.000 |
60 |
0.932 |
70 |
0.974 |
70 |
1.060 |
70 |
0.999 |
70 |
0.931 |
80 |
0.858 |
80 |
0.920 |
80 |
0.998 |
80 |
0.930 |
90 |
0.763 |
90 |
0.815 |
90 |
0.998 |
90 |
0.928 |
100 |
0.682 |
100 |
0.730 |
100 |
0.998 |
100 |
0.927 |
110 |
0.616 |
|
|
110 |
0.998 |
|
|
120 |
0.558 |
|
|
120 |
0.998 |
|
|
HEAT CAPACITY OF ICE
|
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FRESH WATER |
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SEA WATER |
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ICE |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British thermal
units per pound-F |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British thermal
unit-inch per hour square foot-F |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British thermal
unit-inch per hour square foot-F |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
British thermal
unit-inch per hour square foot-F |
-50 |
0.400 |
32 |
3.932 |
30 |
3.890 |
-50 |
18.754 |
-40 |
0.413 |
40 |
3.979 |
40 |
3.950 |
-40 |
18.347 |
-30 |
0.426 |
50 |
4.037 |
50 |
4.010 |
-30 |
17.939 |
-20 |
0.438 |
60 |
4.096 |
60 |
4.070 |
-20 |
17.531 |
-10 |
0.451 |
70 |
4.154 |
70 |
4.130 |
-10 |
17.123 |
0 |
0.464 |
80 |
4.212 |
80 |
4.190 |
0 |
16.715 |
10 |
0.476 |
90 |
4.271 |
90 |
4.250 |
10 |
16.308 |
20 |
0.489 |
100 |
4.329 |
100 |
4.310 |
20 |
15.900 |
30 |
0.502 |
110 |
4.387 |
|
|
30 |
15.492 |
| |
|
120 |
4.446 |
|
|
|
|
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE OF FRESH WATER |
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE OF SEA WATER
|
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds per
square inch |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds per
square inch |
Temperature
(degrees F) |
Pounds per
square inch |
32 |
0.089 |
30 |
0.079 |
-50 |
0.001 |
40 |
0.122 |
40 |
0.115 |
-40 |
0.002 |
50 |
0.178 |
50 |
0.167 |
-30 |
0.003 |
60 |
0.256 |
60 |
0.242 |
-20 |
0.006 |
70 |
0.363 |
70 |
0.351 |
-10 |
0.011 |
80 |
0.507 |
80 |
0.509 |
0 |
0.019 |
90 |
0.698 |
90 |
0.700 |
10 |
0.031 |
100 |
0.950 |
100 |
0.950 |
20 |
0.051 |
| |
|
|
|
30 |
0.081 |
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|
